Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira, with transmission closely linked to environmental and climatic factors. The present study aimed to analyze the geographical distribution and seasonal trends of leptospirosis incidence across multiple regions, providing insights into high-risk areas and temporal fluctuations. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was conducted using reported case data from public health surveillance systems spanning a ten-year period (2013–2022). Geospatial mapping and statistical modeling were employed to identify regional hotspots, while temporal trends were examined using seasonal decomposition techniques.

Results indicated significant spatial heterogeneity in leptospirosis incidence, with tropical and subtropical regions exhibiting higher case densities. Notably, regions characterized by heavy rainfall and frequent flooding showed peak incidence rates during the wet season, whereas arid regions demonstrated sporadic outbreaks linked to localized water exposure events. The analysis further revealed that rural areas with high livestock density and inadequate sanitation were disproportionately affected. Seasonal trends were statistically significant, with case counts increasing by an average of 45–60% during peak monsoon months compared with dry months. These findings underscore the combined influence of environmental, climatic, and socio-economic factors in shaping leptospirosis transmission dynamics.